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In economics, physical capital or just capital is a factor of production (or input into the process of production), consisting of machinery, buildings, computers, and the like. The production function takes the general form Y=f(K, L), where Y is the amount of output produced, K is the amount of capital stock used and L is the amount of labor used. In economic theory, physical capital is one of the three primary factors of production, also known as inputs in the production function. The others are natural resources (including land), and labor — the stock of competences embodied in the labor force.

'Physical' is used to distinguish physical capital from human capital (a result of investment in the human agent)), circulating capital, and financial capital.[1][2] 'Physical capital' is fixed capital, any kind of real physical asset that is not used up in the production of a product. Usually the value of land is not included in physical capital as it is not a reproducible product of human activity.

For mains one need to supplement their every day Newspaper () reading with certain books to have a deep insight over varied topics that are now part of the new syllabus. To gain knowledge on diverse topics it is prudent to read standard texts rather than depending on materials provided by various coaching institutions. First hand reading of basic books enables aspirant to tackle questions of different dimensions. Reading newspaper everyday is sine qua non of preparation. A fortnightly magazine like is a must to enhance understanding about current events related to India and abroad. If possible, also go through magazine to understand international events. Siddharth, As I understand you will be given reservation benefit in Prelims result declaration under OBC quota.

I think you should mail UPSC immediately about your problem. May I know how much you are scoring in Prelims? (if your score exceeds that of GM cut-off, you will be safe I guess) Also, what is your parents’ profession and annual income? (both of them) – some people have confusion regarding OBC creamy layer concept. You must be sure that you belong to Creamy Layer before you approach UPSC because if you come to know later that you indeed belong to OBC, then you would regret it lifelong.

Please give above details soon. HI VKGB, The creamy layer and the criterias laid by the UPSC regarding one to avail the benefits is quite technical in my case. I urge you to give my peculiar case a glance: 1) By the list declared by state government, we come under the OBC category but our caste is not listed under the union list. 2) My father is a government servant and a class-II officer till he was 51 years of age; until recently he was promoted to a class-I position (my mother is a housewife, and my father is the head of the family in terms of supporting the family) Now, as I understand, the clause of income is not applicable to government employees, as they’re to be gauged against their ranks/class/grades. In terms of income I believe that we belong to creamy layer but is it applicable?

Really appreciate your help on this, looking forward to hearing from you. Egotricks, 1). In case the name of your caste is not in this list, you can not avail OBC reservation.

2) If your father was promoted on or before attaining the age of 40, you would fall under Creamy layer. But in your case, under the income criteria, you are eligible for reservation.(because of late promotion) 3) No, in terms of income, because of your father’s late promotion and your mother being housewife,even if your father’s salary exceeds Rs 6 lakhs p.a., you are eligible for OBC i.e, you are under non creamy layer.

(in case of seeking reservation in the central govt jobs) But, as your caste is not in the Central OBC list, you can’t avail this facility. Mahendra, There is no doubt about you clearing prelims. For Essay paper you don’t have to prepare it in isolation. If you are reading The Hindu and Frontline, and thorough with the GS syllabus, it will cover 80% of the preparation. Rest 20% depends on writing practice i.e.

Solving previous questions and getting them corrected. In Essay clarity of thought, logic and simplicity counts a lot. Don’t go for ornamental language – plain and simple gets you more marks. Believe me this is very important. 🙂 For Pape on Ethics, honestly nobody knows how it will be. Syllabus is the ultimate guide. Try to remember it by heart first.

Then download or buy book on the subject from here: Focus on case studies. I think that this paper will test more of common sense of a candidate than factual knowledge on the subject. Personally I advice aspirants to focus more on other GS papers and optional without spending lot of time on this paper. Manish, There are individual small books published by New Vishaal publications for each optional containing 15-20 years question papers (cost – may be Rs 60 something). You can’t find papers of all optionals in a single book. For GS, there is. You may try it – it has solved papers of past 15 years!

Regarding the other question on solving Ancient History questions, I think you should focus more on Modern History – try to write answer for this part. Ancient is not much important for mains except art forms, literature and architecture. In fact ancient history is not in.

You can get them corrected by seniors, or you can publish them here in comment box. Some intelligent guys can give you feedback 🙂 Keep practicing. Thank you sir, I have more question, if I do stick to culture, arts, literature and architecture in ancient then should I cover whole chapter of NCERT Ancient (XI) or selected one for both (Pre and mains)? (I am asking selected chapter because I am in job and getting selected time for reading. I will read other than selected if I will get free time during work 🙂 ) What about Medieval India? Post independence is also required?

If yes then which book? I have read India’s struggle for independence by Bipin for modern India (Need to answer in own word). Thank you sir, I have more question, if I do stick to culture, arts, literature and architecture in ancient then should I cover whole chapter of NCERT Ancient (XI) or selected one for both (Pre and mains)? (I am asking selected chapter because I am in job and getting selected time for reading. I will read other than selected if I will get free time during work 🙂 ) What about Medieval India? Post independence is also required?

If yes then which book? I have read India’s struggle for independence by Bipin for modern India (Need to answer in own word). P.S.: Now I posted at right place 🙂 •. How should I prepare current affairs thoroughly? I don’t want to take risk this time in current affairs for mains.

We have limited prescribed book that we can cover but what for current affairs? Due to time constraint I would like to know what sources could help me in this regard so that I could not left with any topics in the end. Up to now I used to read e-paper of Hindu article and prepared note(sometime forgot to take some articles) not by magazine due to time constraint. Given that I am following one magazine (chronicle/civil service time/etc.) from now, there are various website for daily current articles which are giving readymade articles (Insights also gives Hindu articles at the end), shall I go for those articles and rely on that or should I scan complete Hindu articles from paper and segregate the articles appropriately.( I don’t like to go for articles from different site). Please tell me how to cover all? Manish, for current events, you should either have paper cutting (The Hindu) of past one year or notes taken from it to be thorough in current events. Added to this a good magazine like Frontline is needed.

There is another short-cut – which I don’t suggest – is collecting previous magazines like Chronicle/Pratiyogita Darpan/ Wizard and studying them in one go. Stick to the Hindu (hard Copy) and Business Standard (selectively based on the syllabus) only. Read them religiously with passion. For mains newspapers matter most than magazines like Chronicle etc.

Paper cutting /notes are MUST. Sir, Below are the topics for main General Studies -I (I just took history topics). Kindly tell me the books for covering point number 5,6,7,8 and 9 For point number 1 to 4 I am following NCERT Ancient, Medeival, Modern, Spectrum, India struggle for independence by Bipin Chandra. Is it enough to cover point 1 to 4 or I am still left with?? 1)Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. 2)Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues 3)The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country. 4)Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.

5)History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society. 6)Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India. 7)Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies. 8)Effects of globalization on Indian society 9)Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism. Swapnil, I am glad you visited this site.

First, before going for books, cultivate the habit of reading The Hindu and Business Standard newspapers – RELIGIOUSLY. I am sure you are already reading papers. For this exam, READING is not enough. You must understand each event from many dimensions and enable yourself to critically analyze those events from your own point of view.

Many candidates think that they regularly read newspapers and the job is over – No, the job is over only when you can remember today’s events tomorrow, day after tomorrow and on the day of exam. Do you now remember last Friday’s Opinion Page articles in The Hindu? If you are immediately able to recollect them, then you are on the right path. 🙂 Sorry for that long ‘suggestion’ about paper reading. Now coming to books, buy Social Science NCERT texts from Class-VI to Class-XII and Science Class-VI to X + Biology -Class-XII. Read them all 3 times.

Soon I will be writing a post on what to read for Prelims. Till then you can have a look at this list ( )for mains. Don’t buy them all – Buy only books for History, Polity, Economics and Geography for now. About optional, you can go for Public Administration only if you are really interested in the subject. All the best for your preparation. Vijay, You are perfectly eligible to write UPSC civil services exam 🙂 All you need is a degree certificate from a recognized University.

Your percentage doesn’t matter at all as long as you have passed in the examinations of all the subjects and gained a qualifying degree whether in 4 years or 5 years. Leave the doubt behind and gear up for the battle. For this exam, your past doesn’t matter. All that matters is how much hard work you are willing to put henceforth. For more information about books, optionals and other stuff, you can browse this blog, or you can visit other good sites out there. All the best Vijay.

Dilemma in choosing optional. I am thinking to choose Economy as my optional because what my understanding is that it is very logical subject and I love it (I am from engineering background). I don’t have idea whether people from only economics background used to take this as optional and clearing it or are there examples of people who have cleared with Economics as an optional with different background in their graduation? Can I find in the market last year main “answer paper” in economy to decide my optional? If I am taking this optional shall I need coaching institute to cover the syllabus?

I saw the syllabus too and look like all are very conceptual and logical. But I don’t have further idea:(. What is your view? On another hand one of my friend is preparing too but with geography as an optional and he is much good in that and scored good in this. I am also comfortable with the geography not because of he has also taken geography. I can get better help from my friend in this in compare to economics. What should I do to choose my optional now?

🙁 For geography – I could have friend guidance and For Economics – I could not have friend support but loving this subject because no need to remember fact and it is very straight forward(According to my views). What is your take on these subjects? Manish, I think you should go for geography. As your friend is already preparing for it, you can have access to his resources and you both can discuss the subject also. Economics may sound logical etc, but from what I know, it is difficult to score well for non-economics background candidates. Still, before deciding to go for Geography, you buy a question bank of Economics, or just download previous Mains question papers from UPSC website and see each question. Also, study the Economics syllabus well.

If you still think the subject is comfortable for you, then go for it. Actually economics will help in GS. But again, you should consider various other factors before deciding the optional. If you seriously love Economics then go for it. But do above mentioned things first. Sometimes, some topics from the syllabus may look easy and comfortable, but you should see question papers and try to answer them in your mind to check if they are really easy.

For geography you have all resources easily accessible and the subject though seems vast, is easy if one prepares systematically. But, you should love it too. Rupesh, You don’t have to read all that is there in the newspaper. You only need to study that is important for the exam. By remembering the syllabus by-heart you will come to know which is important and which is not. So, the key is the Syllabus. It should be in your imprinted.

It is true that in the Opinion page/editorials standard English is used. Once it becomes your habit to read them daily even if you don’t understand anything, the same English will start appearing easy for you after few one or two months.

The thing is you should not give up reading. You may read the following post: Don’t give up anything. Perseverance is the key in this exam. Archana, Thanks for visiting this site. OBC category matters a lot in this exam. In prelims, the difference between OBC and GM marks is 20+, so you have advantage here. You have 27% reservation in the total posts.

If 1000 posts have been notified, you will have 270 exclusively reserved for your category. In mains also, there is a difference of 40-50 marks (somewhere near, not sure – will check later) between GM and OBC.

This matters most in determining the final rank. Finally, candidates with 300+ rank get IAS thanks to OBC. Whereas GM guys should have less than 150 rank (just an example assuming 150 IAS posts are there). Do you want to know how to get OBC certificate?? News related to Judiciary, Legislature, Women and children, Defence, Diplomacy, environment, Security – internal and external, art and culture, scienc and technology are all important. Ishrat encounter case is important not from ‘political’ pint of view, but from the perspective of ‘police reforms’, ‘legal provisions’, ‘communalism’, ‘ethics’ and ‘security threats’.

Uttarkhand floods – from the perspective of ‘geography – climate, vegetation, rivers, – impact of man’s activities on these’; Disaster management and state response – here again ‘ethical’ issues are involved – if an officer is posted there what would be his priorities? How will he respond to such critical situations? Egypt Uprising – Is democracy viable? Which is important – secularism or theocracy? Role of international organizations – West interferes in Libya and Syria, why not in Egypt?; etc etc you can go on. Eric Snowden – Privacy in the digital age – why government should be all powerful? Security threats; media liberty; Tension between Latin American countries and USA; Defence implications; free speech; etc etc.

So one issue should be read to understand other issues which are in your syllabus. Approach should be multi-dimensional. So, know the syllabus well, and you will come to know what to read and what not to. 🙂 Keep reading paper and magazines. Later you will start writing about these issues better than anyone.

Archana, Your father belongs to Group-C service, so you are eligible for claiming OBC benefit. You have to apply for a certificate based on your permanent address. For that they ask Voter ID or ration Card as proof. You should get a caste certificate first, for this you will have to produce your Transfer Certificate as proof(should contain your caste name). Then you need to get income certificate.

Then get a Central OBC form from Tahshildar office/ or download from net. Produce them in the Tahshildar office.They will take their own time (should be given within 30 days actually) and give you your certificate. Deepthi, Welcome on-board.

Confusion is natural during initial days of preparation. First step in this exam, obviously, familiarizing with the Pattern and Syllabus thoroughly. Every detail of the syllabus should be etched in your mind.

Secondly, reading two important newspapers – The Hindu, later Business Standard are compulsory. They should be ‘studied’ actually. You knew these things, but following these steps seriously gives you a strong foundation for a serious preparation. Then go for basic readings on topics in the syllabus – NCERT (from class-VI to XII Social Sciences) is MUST and be finished before going for standard texts.

Don’t overlook this step as it is very important in giving conceptual clarity on many topics. Many overlook this step thinking NCERT is for children and are very easy, or some think they already know the stuff.

Even if one is an encyclopedia, one must read NCERT 2-3 times seriously. For optional, you need to decide yourself based on: the syllabus depth, your interest, aptitude, availability of study material, coaching, guidance and detailed analysis of previous year questions. Try anthropology. (based on your background you might like it) For more details: read this post – and For books: now buy, 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) the above list is for both mains and prelims. All the best 🙂 •. Hi Saurabh, Good to know that you are planning very early for civil services examination.

You still have plenty of time to go for the kill. Here is what I think you should do: First step in this exam, obviously, familiarizing with the Pattern and Syllabus thoroughly. Every detail of the syllabus should be etched in your mind. Secondly, reading two important newspapers – The Hindu, later Business Standard are compulsory.

They should be ‘studied’ actually. You knew these things, but following these steps seriously gives you a strong foundation for a serious preparation. Then go for basic readings on topics in the syllabus – NCERT (from class-VI to XII Social Sciences) is MUST and be finished before going for standard texts. Don’t overlook this step as it is very important in giving conceptual clarity on many topics. Many overlook this step thinking NCERT is for children and are very easy, or some think they already know the stuff.

Even if one is an encyclopedia, one must read NCERT 2-3 times seriously. For optional, you need to decide yourself based on: the syllabus depth, your interest, aptitude, availability of study material, coaching, guidance and detailed analysis of previous year questions.

You can go for law subject as an optional – so try to master the subject while in graduation. For books: now buy, 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) For Exam Pattern and Syllabus: For more information: For more details: read this post – All the best Saurabh! Tushar, Good to know that you are planning very early for civil service examination. You have so much of time at your disposal.

You have to focus more on graduation at this time than IAS. I am repeating the suggestions below (I think you didn’t see it above): First step in this exam, obviously, familiarizing with the Pattern and Syllabus thoroughly. Every detail of the syllabus should be etched in your mind. Secondly, reading two important newspapers – The Hindu, later Business Standard is compulsory.

They should be ‘studied’ actually. You knew these things, but following these steps seriously gives you a strong foundation for a serious preparation. Then go for basic readings on topics in the syllabus – NCERT (from class-VI to XII Social Sciences) is MUST and be finished before going for standard texts. Don’t overlook this step as it is very important in giving conceptual clarity on many topics.

Many overlook this step thinking NCERT is for children and are very easy, or some think they already know the stuff. Even if one is an encyclopedia, one must read NCERT 2-3 times seriously. For optional, you need to decide yourself based on: the syllabus depth, your interest, aptitude, availability of study material, coaching, guidance and detailed analysis of previous year questions.

For books: now buy, 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) For Exam Pattern and Syllabus: For more information: For more details: read this post – All the best! Atish, Thanks for appreciation. Earlier, candidates could answer maximum 500 marks out of 600 (GS-I +GS-II). Last two years it came even lower. We don’t have model papers for this year’s Mains.

But, the Papers will be similar to old GS pattern with many sections. Definitely number of questions will be large as the syllabus is detailed and many topics have to be covered. Ideally, one must try to answer all the questions. Leaving a single question unanswered may prove fatal when someone realizes that they have missed a rank by 1-2 marks. Pragmatically speaking, no one can answer all the questions as no one can know all the answers. We can only suggest that try to answer Maximum number of questions – try to answer even if you know almost nothing. Each mark counts.

My take is out of 250, one must answer at least for 200-230 marks. If you can attempt all, that’s great.

Extensive reading helps in these situations. For completely unexpected or unknown questions, accumulated knowledge comes to help.

So, one must read as much as possible for this exam. Regarding Ethics part, clearly nobody knows how the questions will be. But the syllabus tells us that case studies will be given emphasis. This paper will test more of common sense than factual knowledge. So, need not fear this paper.

Thanks a lot for your informative n guiding reply. Sir, regarding Mech. Engg., I’ve a doubt as many people are there saying that its really difficult to fetch good marks in science/engineering subjects. Though I know about Saurabh Maheshwari sir who topped with M.E. As optional in 2000, yet I doubt for scaling and other factors. Still I’ve good grasp over the subject which makes me prefer it to Geography as optional. Any suggestions regarding this will be helpful.

And regarding the book by Majid Hussain I read the reviews there which are saying that book is 1)More factual than conceptual, 2) Not good for mains perspective(I’d like to integrate my prelims and mains preparation), whats ur opinion sir(especially from the point of view of mains)? Sorry for this late reply. Ya Majid Hussain is factual in nature. I prefer Khullar (not available these days), but for GS it is very extensive. Instead NCERT class XI and XII are far better. Some topics are covered in Yojana and Kurukshetra, also in the India -2013. Regarding optional subject, you should go by your interest and hold on the subject.

Scaling is luck – if you are lucky your score will increase, if not, it will sky dive. Now optional is for 500 marks, so getting 50% is not difficult and scaling won’t be drastic. (it used to be as optionals decided the fate then).

Go for it if you are comfortable. Sir being from IT background i find selecting optionals very difficult. First i thought geography would be good option but after some day reading i found it quite difficult subject, than i opted for Public Administration i found subject intresting, many things arises about Public Administration that it is very unexpected subject with lots of surprises during exam time.2012 question paper had also so many surprises elements.Please guide me how to cope with Public Administration as I don’t think i can go far with other subjects. Darshana, Good to know that you want to start early. History is a good optional but there is plenty of time for you to decide about the optional. As you know, optional carries only 500 marks in the mains, so focus more on General Studies papers which require broad understanding of various concepts.

Read The Hindu regularly. Start your own blog – write about current events, social issues etc. Try to read as much as possible regarding India and the world events (because you have plenty of time). You can begin systematic preparation in the final year. Till then try to broaden your knowledge base about the topics that are in the syllabus.

Keep a copy of the syllabus of both Prelims and Mains with you. Memorize all the topics. Along with your regular reading of novels, you can also start reading serious books – Amartya Sen, Guha, Nehru, etc () Feel free to ask anything anytime.

Good luck 🙂 •. When the Parliament is in recess (when not in session), the government can pass legislation through the President under the article 123 of India constitution.

If the President is satisfied that the bill is necessary, he ‘promulgates’ the ordinances – these ordinances will have same force and effect as the laws passed by parliament. (but after six weeks of parliament re-assembly, this ordinance ceases to exist) UPA passed Food security bill as an ordinance, and it will be put forth in the Parliament during Monsoon session – which begins after August 15 this year) •. Rupesh, Our constitution is supreme. We have given it to ourselves, The people. In our democratic set up we have three organs of state – Legislature (it makes laws), Executive(it implements laws) and Judiciary(it protects and uphold laws) – whose powers, roles and relationships between them is given in the Constitution.

So, the Constitution is the blueprint for the functioning of our democracy. Its word is binding on all of them. But for the smooth functioning of democracy there should be harmony between all the three organs of the state. This is ensured by the People and many institutions. Ultimately, all the three organs are responsible and accountable to the People. It is from the People and the Constitution that all of them draw their powers and responsibilities.

I hope it is clear now. 🙂 Read this interesting argument by Dr Ambedkar: “I have not anywhere found in any Constitution a provision saying that the executive shall obey the legislature, nor have I found anywhere in any Constitution a provision that the executive shall obey the judiciary. Nowhere is such a provision to be found. That is because it is generally understood that the provisions of the Constitution are binding upon the different organs of the state.

Consequently, it is to be presumed that those who work the Constitution, those who compose the legislature and those who compose the executive and the judiciary know their functions, their limitations and their duties. It is therefore to be expected that if the executive is honest in working the Constitution, then the executive is bound to obey the legislature without any kind of compulsory obligation laid down in the Constitution.” “Similarly, if the executive is honest in working the Constitution, it must act in accordance with the judicial decisions given by the Supreme Court.

Therefore my submission is that this is a matter of one organ of the state acting within its own limitations and obeying the supremacy of the other organs of the state. In so far as the Constitution gives a supremacy to that is a matter of constitutional obligation which is implicit in the Constitution itself. “No constitutional Government can function in any country unless any particular constitutional authority remembers the fact that its authority is limited by the Constitution and that if there is any authority created by the Constitution which has to decide between that particular authority and any other authority, then the decision of that authority shall be binding upon any other organ”. Sir Now I am totally confused about UPSC recent Time table for 2014: CIVIL SERVICES (PRELIMINARY) EXAM, Date of notification: – Last date for receipt of application: – (MONDAY) Date of commencement of exam: – (SUNDAY) Duration of exam: – 1 DAYS CIVIL SERVICES (MAIN) EXAM., 2014 Date of commencement of exam: – (SUNDAY) Duration of exam: – 5 days Sir how is it possible to finish mains exam in 5 days, prelims is in August, will UPSC takes longer to out the result. There is nothing to confuse you.

Mains has 5 papers and it takes only 5 days. Next prelims is in August because of General elections which begins in June and ends in second week of August. You have plenty of time for both Prelims and Mains next year. Do integrated study. Take this situation as an advantage. They would have conducted Prelims in may itself, but because of this year’s delay in Mains (December) it takes them more time to announce final result in 2014 – which must be announced before Preliminary exam, which is not possible now.

So prelims exam is in August. Archana, For a beginner you have begun well.

Though it would have been good if you had studied basics and went for Mains classes, nevertheless, you have plenty of time at your disposal now. No beginner will understand all the new topics you are now forced to digest – it takes little time but with the help of sincere efforts from you. Finish basics first – read all the NCERT I have mentioned elsewhere in comments.

I have given links too. You can crack this exam in your first attempt. But for that you need to follow certain things.

First, sharpen the spade as much as possible – then cut the wood in one go! I hope you got the meaning. Prepare very well and then give the exam.

You will crack it. Take your time. Be committed every day, and every hour while you are preparing for this exam.

Shivprasad Koirala Ebook Pdf Reader. You have all the books at your disposal – read them, make notes and re-read them. Have patience, be calm, don’t put pressure on yourself by letting people around you believe that you are gonna be IAS n all – they won’t come to our rescue when we fall ( sorry for this lecture – but this is the reality). You will make it in first attempt. Have faith and prepare well. Secret is – enjoy this whole preparation – love what you read. Make it fun (yup, even economics, geography and news about Manmohan Singh can be fun, if we love it 🙂 Good luck!

Sir I want to know is it sufficient to prepare one topic using one book or I have to look for more books.For example in syllabus of Public Administration: Meaning,scope and significance is asked so Laxmikath’s,Mohit Bhattacharya, Fadia all provide information on given topic and all these books are important for Pub Ad exam. My another query is do we have to dig a topic from its root for example in case of Barchan Dunes not complete information is given in its respective book. Like why it has horns,why it got such shape etc do we have to know all things about barchan dunes. Rupesh, Good question. 1) read one topic from one book only – the best book. See in which book it is covered well and read that book only. Never ever go for two books or more for a single topic.

This is the common mistake most us make. This exam needs ‘Basic Understanding’ not in depth understanding of topics. 2) In geography, focus on understanding the concept. For some topics in Geography you should refer Wikipedia and other sources on net. Once concept is clear, it doesn’t matter from which book you have read. You can always answer in your own words. That is why make notes and keep them ready.

(Barchans are formed in the places where land is flat, non undulating, sand is evenly distributed and there is a consistent wind from one direction. These are migrating dunes. They are formed transverse, i.e across to the wind direction. Actually it should be explained through diagram. See below) Check this site for basics – only for basics – •. Rupesh, When you decided to become an IAS officer, you made a decision to enter the war zone.

If your desire to bring change in the society is sincere, no matter how awful or terrible the problems posed by politicians are, you will still work towards your goal. In your career, as long as you are honest and upright, no force can deter you from performing your duty. It is only when someone compromises their integrity, they are subdued by certain personal and political compulsions. Anyway, no country is free from these problems. You have to work under these conditions wherever you go. Take it as a challenge and make a mark. Let not news about corruption and political interference demotivate you, instead let them make you more determined to work harder.

Rupesh, I know it is both pain in the eyes and body to read for many hours from laptop/computer. You don’t have to use computer for many hours for this exam.

You have access to all the books for both mains and prelims. Spend more time on them. Use net for the purpose of clarifying doubts/getting info. Read books in the evening and use PC in the afternoon. Go for walk in the evening for an hour.

Never sit always – I know many aspirants getting Piles. 🙂 Don’t depend on computer much. Use it for reference purpose only.

Sir, I love this site.So beautifully you have been doing this and its been a great help to aspirants like us.may i ask few doubts 🙂 1.I will be 27 when i have to write prelims for the second time next yearthis year i wrote it too and it was okay but not sure about winning.Am i too old for doing it? 2.I am doing a job and studying for it too.Yes it is self study but i have i guess all the materials too are there people who did it through self study?

3.I heard people used to study for 15 16 hours a day is it true?is it necessary? 4.I guess i have a huge amount of books with me regardig exam,many books even about archaic medievel modern india and i am afraid it will be over information.infact i didnt buy them for this exam i love reading so they were in my collection.And about indian history i know most of the stuffs before and it was evident from this year prelimsso will this help me in doing well? 5.I belong to General category so will there be any change in age limit next year? Thanks a lot sir.i know it is a long question but i dont have anyone to ask 🙂 Thank you and i pry that god will bless you for what you have been doing for us 🙂 •.

Edward, Thank you. You are still young for IAS. More than 70% who get into IAS are in the age group of 26-30. 2) Many have topped through self study. You can be one of them. Don’t leave the job if it is a good one.

During interview, board members like candidates who are working. 3) Ya, even I have heard people studying for 15-16 hours. Sounds amazing.

But that must be few days before the exam, because they didn’t prepare well whole year. If you can devote 6+ hours every day after planning well ahead, this is sufficient. You need ‘planned Work’ not hard or smart work to succeed. 🙂 4) If you have huge number of books – sounds good. But keep away from them until Mains is over. Study few books related to the syllabus. Stick to them no matter how alluring the scent of other books.

After Mains, immerse yourself among all the books you have. It helps in the Interview.

🙂 (also, don’t forget to mention ‘reading’ as your hobby in the DAF) 5) There won’t be any change in the age limit – it will limit the age of the government, if implemented. So, don’t worry. You are very safe. Thank you for your prayers. Edward, Thanks again. For pattern change you can have a look at this post: I have simplified it – You are right – 4 GS+Essay+Optional(2 papers in it).

Chose a subject that interests you, on which you think you can write well, and go through previous questions and syllabus many times to check where you stand and where your liking is respectively. You can go for Public administration provided you pass the above test. No, your qualifications in no way restricts you from choosing any subject as an optional. You too have a nice day 🙂 •. Sir, In G.S Paper-I syllabus every topic is given with respective sub topics For example: globalization is in syllabus but only with the Indian society perspective or in case of Urbanization only problems and remedies relating to it is expected to learn.

But nothing is given about Social Empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Securalism topics should i need to learn everything about it like features, merits, demerits etc etc. And from whose prespective i should look at this topics from WHOLE WORLD or from INDIAN point of view only. Sir kindly guide me am I in right path of understanding the SYLLABUS or I need to develop some other way.As you always guide us stating that UNDERSTANDING SYLLABUS IS VERY VERY IMPORTANT. Sir my Another query is regarding geography topics in paper -II 1. Here distribution of key natural resources across the world is given including south Asia and Indian subcontinent my question is when India is part of the world and when i read about world resources Indian subcontinent will automatically come in its way so why separate name of South Asia and Indian Subcontinent is given do I need to given special emphasis to this Two region. Same in case of industries when india is part of world why separate name of India is given. In geographical features and their location a dash is given making it like a major topics and other topics are written after that like changes, its effects etc my question is should i need to prepare topics of geographical features and their location or only topics after dash like changes, effects etc Sir kindly answer my previous day query and this one too, as i in in state of confusion.

First, though India is part of the world, the syllabus requires you to give emphasis on India. For example, If you are reading about Coal distribution around the world, along with it, make a not on its distribution in India too. In geographical features, for example, Tsunami – you need to know what it is, how it is caused, what are its consequences, major regions across the world prone to it, India’s experience, measures taken by India to manage post-Tsunami effects, etc. It applies to all other phenomena or features too. Sir Now moving to paper III, here also i need your guidance this paper is quite vast than other papers, 1. Sir has UPSC randomly given name of Governance, Constitution, Polity as three major topics, as I used to think Constitution is supreme topic containing other topics Governance and Polity too. UPSC by giving these three name has made me bit confused to find out which sub topics belongs to these major topics.By analyzing this syllabus I find that many of this topics belongs to same mother that is CONSTITUTION.

Sir am i right, if so than why UPSC is confusing us like this. What is Dispute Redressal mechanisms and institution? What is Pressure groups?

What is Representation of people Act? Sir which major heads does these above question belongs too. Sir i found many topics of Public Administration too here good governance, citizens charters etc etc so my question is why upsc has extracted some topics from Pub Ad or this topics belongs to other subjects too. Sir kindly help me I also read your article on these Paper III but sorry I m still i Dilemma of confusion. UPSC has not given syllabus randomly. Governance and polity are the outcomes of our constitution. Governance is the process of running a government which involves administration, whereas polity is the form of government we have.(Democratic Polity in India, we say) Constitution provides the framework for the both.

Dispute redressal mechanism is a process of bringing disparate groups together to reach a mutual agreement. We have Tribunals – for river disputes, tax disputes, etc they are institutions. Pressure groups which are also known as Interest groups/advocacy groups are group of like minded well organized individuals collectively trying to influence policy making or formation public opinion to meet certain interests of theirs. We can see them in businesses, religions, trade unions etc trying to lobby, or conduct polls etc. For Representation of people’s act please go through the link I have given in the article on paper-III strategy.

Sir, As i was watching news on suspension of IAS officer in UP, there a local politician commented arising lots of question in my mind he said “Centre can recall all IAS officer we are capable to run by our own state officers” My question is: 1. Why IAS officer are appointed in States (but interview are taken by center) when states are also appointing lots of state civil servants?

Why is there difference between Centre appointed officers & state appointed officers when job they do are same? Why there is no uniformity in appointment of IAS offices: some states has less number of IAS officer compared to state officers while other states have many IAS officer compared to state officers? Kindly answer my previous day question and this one too, I am eagerly waiting for your answer. These are basics which I think you should be aware of.

IAS, IPS and IFoS are all India services – an officer can be posted to anywhere in India This is mainly done to secure India’s unity and strengthen federalism. They are recruited by the centre according to the provision of the Constitution under the All India Services Act 1951 (UPSC is entrusted with this) State officers are recruited by the respective states by their Public Service commissions as per the constitutional provision – this is done to provide states with autonomy in recruiting their own officers to govern State List subjects.(ex. States can recruit Asst Commissioner – Commercial Tax, but not AC Income Tax) Third question – I am not sure about the data or to which states you are referring. May be because States don’t regularly conduct exams so they have less number of officers.

I think it is unlikely though. Hi sir Am a bgnr n wrkngtooo.a consern i need to read selected chptrs.i hv strtd polity frst n coverd 6tpcs acc.to syllabus.so could u pls tel me tht is tht neceasary to read all the 11parts of laxmicanth.r else is thr is any chaptr to quit lk thtpls tell me sir N tel me that the topics frm 10 to 15 of pobs vhch chapters cover this topics frm laxmknth.ppls never mind to clarifie my doughts sir Usally i vl get more doughts I hv asked ths qustn twice bt u didnt replied it sir.

Pls Ths tm pls tel.mme abt these doubts •. Sir every time when I read interview of toppers interview they are asked to share their success mantra and i also eagerly used to read or listen that part so that i could know how to become successful. But sir i was really amazed to know the answer not only one but each and every topper has same success mantra “Hard Work and Perseverance” What is Hard Work, perseverance? Why is it so important for every ias aspirant and how its role is so broad that every one is only talking about it? I am struggling with my book to understand the syllabus and it takes more than one week to understand just 1st chapter of Bipin Chandra History, sometime vocabulary irritates and sometime time language structure, I also tried to answer daily question given by you but knowledge sometime becomes hurdle or English sometime. Sir is this same type of hard work what the toppers was taking or I still don’t know actual meaning and usage of hard work. Please help me thank you •.

Rupesh, The meaning of and degree of hard work varies from person to person. If you think you have many weaknesses, then the degree of hard work you have to put should be more. If you find it difficult to read, understand and finish one chapter from Bipan Chandra in one week, then, definitely you have to put in more hard work. Read a lot of good English. Try to write something everyday, even 100 words about something you find interesting (you can maintain a notebook).

You are still a beginner, so naturally things appear difficult. No matter how difficult things appear, keep studying – even if you don’t understand. Use dictionary and read systematically. Initially it consumes time.

Later when you are experienced, it takes less time to finish things. So work hard to equip yourself with skills. About diaspora question, please use net. They are simple things and you must get used to do ‘self study’. Dear Rupesh, I really find your case quite matching to me.

I belong to a science background and always thought of subjects like history and geography a waste of time. Therefore, I did not understand them initially. Also I am not too good at english. However when I decided to go for civil services I started reading them.

Initially I took weeks to understand the single chapters and words like imperialism, socialism and nationalism always went over my head. But i kept reading books more and more and it gives me immense pleasure to inform you that this time I cleared civil services pre (roll no- 575067).

I am giving you my roll no. Just to give authenticity to my words that I say here. I may or may not pass further but my reading over this period make me understand the real life around us and that is equally important as science and mathematics. So keep reading, not for any exam but to know about our past, present and probable future. You will then find that automatically you have done sufficient hard work to progress in your life. For geography, first finish books that I have mentioned here:, then you can go for either Khullar or majid, Khullar is very good but it is extensive (buy it only if you can afford and don’t read it fully for GS – link is above) For economy read only Ramesh Singh. Dutt and Sundaram is for optional (economics).

If you are unable to access The Hindu, better subscribe to their e-paper or just go through their site – paste and save every day important articles in Word document and file them based on the syllabus into different sections. In Mains Paper -3 and 4, most of the topics have to be read keeping current events in the mind. Current events is very important. To form your opinions on topics in the syllabus, current events help you a lot.

Making hand written notes from paper is advised only if you have plenty of time at your disposal. If not, it is better cut important articles and file them separately based on the syllabus – eg, separate file for judiciary related articles, environment related so on. Instead of A L Basham, it would have been good if you had made notes from Bipan Chandra books. Nevertheless, it is not a waste of time. Prioritize your strategy – go for important books first, not the ones which interests you more. Underlining, or highlighting with colour pens is useful only when you read the same book again and again.

So, stick to one book and read it repeatedly – writing quick points is advised as it helps in retention. Thanks sir,,for env. And biodiversity which book i should prefr??,one more question,,,due to some financial problem,,i couldn’t join coaching institute,,,nd now batch has been started,,so i ‘ve only option to study at home,,,sir if i take notes from good institute (for mains),,shall it b good?

And sir what about cut off for prelim,,i met a girl who has succeeded in ias,,, she said it is near about 180-200,,,is it good score to clear prelim,,,??? Sir if u provide analysis of pre 2013 from each subject,,i ‘ll b thankful 2 u •. You can not substitute newspapers with any other medium.

Yes, there are excellent current affairs programs on Lok Sabha TV, DD News and AIR. They help you in forming your opinion on many issues. Every one procrastinates. I watch Big Bang Theory after strongly making my mind to write an article. Solution is to prioritize your tasks. Finish the most important task first at any cost.

When you feel like postponing a task, don’t spend time on TV/Movies/talking, instead spend it on going through previous question papers/syllabus/NCERT books etc. Sir Kindly comment on my reading style for example Bipin Chandra History: 1.

First I read the whole chapter in one go some one hour is taken 2. Second I again come to same chapter reading in some details but my focus remains to look and write those words from dictionary which i find difficult and that is important to understand the context (two to three hours is taken) as Bipin Chandra contains loads of those words.

After writing all unknown words I again go to starting but this time I focus on context (some five hours) 4. After understanding the context I try to make notes (one hour taken) Sir my whole day is just for one chapter or sometimes when context is hard like news paper editorials it takes more than one day. I am thinking to follow same above technique for all subjects and news paper reading too, Sir is my reading techniques right?

Can this kind of reading style helps me to crack India’s most prestigious exam? If not than kindly give me right technique please Sir many sites only provides what to read, but how to read is hardly found anywhere Please guide me Thank You •.

Study techniques differ person to person depending on their aptitude. Going by your above method, I would advice you this: First two steps are must. Follow them strictly.

Next, instead of reading again, frame 4-5 questions on the chapter. (see previous year question papers and segregate them according to chapters) Mark the paragraphs.

Now, find answers for those questions. Finally, write answers to those questions without looking at the book. Next, read answers from the book to see which points you missed. You may have to do the same for D D Basu too. Before going for this book, read Laxmikanth. Sorry sir I wrongly posted incomplete question above!

Sir Thank you very very much sir I will definitely follow your advice. Sir now please comment at my newspaper reading style 1. I look at international news first here i try to sort out two things India relations with world and world affairs. In this section Indian relation is hardly given maximum news is on world affairs, 2. Second I look at national news here i try to find many things like Indian relation to world, government schemes, scams of government etc 3. Then editorials and op-ed heart of newspaper here many topics under the sun are given in elaborated form so I try to find out important one. But i end up finding all as important like in sunday paper there was many article on INS Sindurakshak, scientific method to produce meat, bandh on Gorka land, telanagana etc 4.

In last in look economy, environment, science and technology section My Query: 1. In international news is every news relating to US, egypt, syria revolt, iran, nuclear deal etc always important? In national news i totally ignore political news like narendra modi firing congress, Mamta Banerjee kicking center govt, Am I doing right? And how is news like INS Sindhurakshak blast important?

In hindu there is a section PERISCOPE, is article given there important? Sir Kindly help me i know news paper is very important and I am trying to read news paper with full interest but still some question hunt me 1. How to use editorial and op-ed as my best source, is every article given there is important if not so than is there any techniques to find out which is important till now i am reading whole article given to find out important one as simply reading heading did not give me details view of story. You suggested us instead of writing notes keep cutting of important article, I started doing so no doubt this one is best method but each day cutting make my file full, just in one week i have nine-ten articles, Sir kindly tell me how to manage this cuttings as in future lots of article will be in my file and how to use it in revision. I have ramesh Singh Indian economy book of 3rd edition but this year 4th edition is out so do i need to purchase fpurt one also.

Kindly answer my both days question please Thank You •. Hi, I am in love with your work which acts like a beacon of light for serious aspirants.

I really appreciate your promptness in replying to the queries posed. My query is that I am confused regarding this obc creamy layer criterion. If my father was promoted to circle inspector(state police service for Karnataka) before 40 years of age then does it hold good for creamy layer criterion. To be precise,I want to know if circle inspector, which comes under assistant commissioner of police rank comes under group A service or not. Looking forward to your reply and sincere thanks for your time and effort. Sir I need your help.

Lately I have started feeling low n panicky about IAS mains. I had taken PCS mains and was expecting a call for interview. But couldn’t clear.

Now i have not been able to start for IAS mains with confidence. Till now I have completed only GS-1 and Optional Paper 1. And I am left with almost no time for IAS mains.

Kindly help me with scheduling the syllabus as I take 2 hours for The Hindu daily and plan to spend around 3 hours on Insights for answer writing. Also inform which magazines i should refer or any newspaper to be refered except hindu. Though i check ET editorials from your site.

Please help me Sir, if its any how possible to complete syllabus till october and revision for mains. I am ready to put my best efforts.

Anny, I understand your anxiety. But there is no need to worry at this point of time during your preparation. You said you have finished reading GS-I and one optional paper.

Now prioritize things: You have 75 days with you. Leaving aside Essay paper, you have 3 GS + one Optional paper to finish in these many days. It is possible for you to finish and revise whole thing within 75 days. First 15 days, try to finish GS-2 and at least 50% of other optional paper. If you can spend 8-10 hours a day it is possible. In GS-2, you have polity, and international relations.

You have read polity during prelims. Revise it again. In International relations, get a core idea about each bilateral and multilateral relations w.r.t India. If you are focused and stop worrying about approaching Mains, things will actually move fast. Don’t think about Mains.

Try to finish the syllabus first. Also, don’t spend too much time now on newspaper. From October last week stop reading newspaper. Use the time to revise what you have already read earlier and to practice writing answers. Also, spend less time on Insights too, may be 1-2 hours (to write and read other’s answers) Likewise, you can prepare other papers too.

Thing is you should stop worrying right now. 🙂 When mind is clear, it lets you do more things. You still have lot of time. Put more hours per day and go on finishing more and more topics each day.

Focus on one thing at a time and finish it fast. This is the key. The Hindu should be ‘studied’ every day. 🙂 I usually suggest Business Standard, but any business newspaper is ok. You should read selectively – mainly editorials and if any articles related to the syllabus. Magazines apart from Frontline, Yojana (you can read articles I have posted in an article on Yojana issues) and Science Reporter (very selectively – again syllabus related articles) should not be read provided you are thorough with the newspapers.

Quality is needed in this exam, so read standard magazines like Frontline(not required now) But as exam is nearing, you may focus more on The Hindu – from last September to this November carefully. Am a newcomer and aiming for CSE 14. Should i start writing practice through ur platform from now or should i wait till i cover NCERTs (till now partially covered all subjects except Science)+ other Basic Books? However I can now assimilate Newspaper more or less but find smtym trouble in aligning it as per UPSC syllabus.? I have joined Vajiram New DElhi for coaching so its very tough for me to craft sm time for writing practice, however I used to take some view points from the given answers by other students and these are really a learning lesson for myself Can u plz make questions based on current events issues like poverty line, food security, justice juvenile system, Collegium system Vs JAC, CBI Autonomy, POlice Reforms, some Science tech issues etc. However i used to make appendix of al the imp news items and file them in separate files even smtym attempt to make my own view on them but find myself in lacking sm basic funda’s of the subject Plz help and suggest me, wht should i do and how to execeute them????/ Even sm of my teachers told me that assimilating The HIndu alone can guarantee ur success in the final list. That’s why I am focussed on newspaper.

Please Suggest me •. Gaurav, Tonight I was gonna reply all pending comments. 🙂 Anyway, coming to your question, I have not read the book you mentioned. So can’t comment. For now, you can by a book by Ramesh Arora – Above book covers half of the syllabus and is a very good book.

No doubt about it. Or you can additionally buy book as its cost is just If you are appearing for 2014, you can wait till December second week, observe Ethics question paper and then decide to buy a book.

We will be giving another detailed strategy based on the Official Question Paper. Thanks for all the patience 🙂 •. 2014 attempt will be last attempt for me I left my job in june 2013 started preparing but still struggling with Ncert.I have started feeling guilty now only 8 months in hand as pre is on 24th august is i t possible to crack the exam? Plz suggest me hw to approachI am really started feeling low as i left my job had a 5 years of expfamily responsibilty is alos der but i am managing wid parents supports don’t know wat to dohw to doin mumbai there is no onw to talk on upsc plz guide mei will be thank ful to u •. RESPECTED SIR, I need your clarification on determining OBC CREAMY LAYER AND NON CREAMY LAYER status. My father is a railway employee earning Rs.30000 per month.

My father is going to get retired this october and my mother is house wife and she is getting RS.25000 per month through term deposit in SBI. The above mentioned are the only source of income to my family.We are having a self owned house apart from this there is nothing in the name of property. MY QUESTION IS WHILE DETERMINING MY CREAMY LAYER NON CREAMY LAYER STATUS MY MOTHERS INCOME THROUGH TERM DEPOSIT WILL BE CLUBBED WITH MY FATHERS INCOME OR NOT? WITH THE ABOVE GIVEN FACTS I AM COMING UNDER CREAMY LAYER OR NON CREAMY LAYER? WHETHER I AM ELIGIBLE FOR OBC RESERVATION? Sir I have huge regards for you, what you are doing is so inspiring and rare that I dont have words to describe my feelings but what I fail to understand is the fact that why are you prescribing such books which are not at all reqd for the preparations?

Muchkund dubey, india after Gandhi, AL Bashm,rajiv sikri! I am sure that anyone who reads all this will most probably end up having a khichdi of knowledge with no concrete points to put on paper. Plus many freshers will get demotivated by looking at this fat book list.

With due respect and submission I would request you to reconsider the book list. Warmest Regards, Aditya •. Hi Everyone, I’m trying to do a sample survey for csp cut off marks (coz whichever website i went for checking key, i was seeing lot of speculations about cut-off). Why not we ourselves do a sample survey and zero-in on the cut-off (approx.)? So whoever is interested in this crazy exercise, try to enter your marks in the spreadsheet provided in the below link (doesn’t take more than 10 seconds). Please share this link with other candidates so that we will have enough data for our cut-off sampling.

Good Luck Champs 🙂 •. Hello Sir, Could you please tell where can I get Previous Years’ Questions subject-wise compilation?