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Cover to Neverwhere trade paperback (1978), featuring Den, Kath, and Uhluhtc. Publication information Ariel Books In animation: Neverwhere (animated short, 1968) In print: Grim Wit #2 (September ) In-story information Alter ego David Ellis Norman Place of origin Earth, Neverwhere Partnerships Kath, the Red Queen Abilities Above-normal strength and martial arts fighting skills; prodigiously sexually endowed Den is the name of two identical created. The first appeared in the 1968 animated short film Neverwhere. The second has been appearing in the medium of comics since 1973, and in short stories that have been collected for the most part in.

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The second Den also appeared in the animated film. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • Background and creation [ ] Corben created Den as the protagonist of a film short titled Neverwhere while working at Calvin Studios, an animation company in Kansas City. The film is, with framing sequences filmed in. Corben played the title character himself and his boss at Calvin played the boss in the movie.

He drew the whole animated sequence by hand in his spare time. His employers, impressed by his work, helped him to finish it by editing it and adding a new professional soundtrack with actors' voices. It was submitted to film festivals and won several awards, including the Golden Eagle Award. The story continued in comic form from then on. Den made his comic debut in a short comic book story that appeared in Grim Wit No.2 in September 1973. Corben expanded this short story to two parts for publication in (1975–1976). He continued the story, turning it into a 12-part serial called 'Den', for the first twelve issues of magazine (1977–1978).

He added an epilogue, 'Den's Farewell', which was printed in issue No.13 (April 1978). The original story, without the epilogue, was published in the trade paperback Neverwhere (Ariel: Feb. All 13 chapters featured in the trade paperback Den: Neverwhere (Catalan: 1984). Corben returned to Heavy Metal with a 13-part Den sequel, which ran in issues No.54 through No.72 (1981–1983). These stories were collected in the trade paperback Den 2: Muvovum (Catalan: 1984), which appeared around the same time as the complete first edition, Den: Neverwhere.

Corben began self-publishing Den through his company in the 1980s, beginning with Children of Fire (1987) which was later revealed to be the prequel to the Heavy Metal-era Den adventures. Corben followed this with an ongoing Den series, which did not have the full frontal nudity that was the hallmark of the original Heavy Metal strips. Corben went back to the adult content with Den Saga, which filled in some of the details between Children of Fire and Neverwhere and Muvovum. Fantagor #4 (1972), featuring the first appearance in print of what will become the Neverwhere world, Vermian (an exact double for the series villain Zeg) and Zomuk. Den No.1 (1988). The first issue of Den's own comic book series.

Den's adventures follow a complex and sometimes contradictory course of events. Some of the chapters of the story have been told in extended flashbacks, dreams, and visions. This is the order of the stories so far. There are three large gaps between the stories with adventures that have yet to be told. • Possible prequel: 'For the Love of a Daemon' ( Fantagor No.4, 1972). A sorcerer named Vermian and his demon slave Zomuk live in a castle and kidnap a voluptuous girl named Merya to sacrifice to the dark god Uhluhtc. At the end, Vermian is killed by Zomuk.

• Den 3: Children of Fire (1989). The planet Zomere is inhabited by an species similar to humans but oviparous. A breeding queen rules them. Females are non-sexual muscular warriors called Kils or workers called Works, and males are called Mals.

After an attack by giant spiders the dying queen sends a Kil, a pre-queen simply named 'Kil', to found a new colony in Dremurth (Neverwhere) bringing with her Mals, Works, and eggs to seek the 'Magic Scepter' (the Locnar). The ship crashes and only Kil and a skeletal Mal (named 'Mal', who will become the first Den) survive. Their only remaining egg produces a human baby, the second Den.

Once they land they meet Zeg, a Vermian lookalike, Zomuk and his slave cook Pucca who live in Vermian's castle from the prequel. At the end of the story, Zeg kidnaps a pregnant Pucca and the second Den, and Mal kills Zomuk. • DenSaga No.2-4 (1992–1993). Three or four years later, the second Den is now an infant called David, and the first Den has fully transformed into a hyper-muscular body and now calls himself Daniel, Dan, or Uncle Dan. The second Den lives in a floating island called Heaven, ruled by Zeg, with Pucca, who is raising him. Pucca is also raising a daughter she had with the first Den, named Elinorma.

Kil returns also, fully transformed into a leaner body with a very large bosom. According to Corben, the radiation from her spaceship transformed Kil into a hybrid of breeding queen and warrior.

By the end of the story, the first Den (Mal) leaves with Kil in pursuit of Zeg, who has kidnapped the second Den, and Pucca flees with Elinorma. • First untold interlude: According to Children of Fire, 'The radiation triggered a genetic change in Kil. She became a powerful ruler in this planet of violence (The Red Queen). Mal and Pucca became mates and eluded Kil for a time. Their offspring (Elinorma) challenged Kil's rule between bouts of (Kil's) madness.' • Neverwhere the Movie (1968). The first Den is now a thin, bespectacled man living on Earth.

He builds a machine that opens a portal to Neverwhere. There he meets the Queen (they do not seem to know each other from when they were Kil and Mal).

The Queen tells him that she is deposed and sends him on a mission to retrieve the Locnar, a magical scepter, from Gel, a humanoid monster, who declares that Den is the latest of several champions sent by the Queen. After he succeeds, the Queen returns Den to Earth in his thin form. • Second untold interlude: Both Dens now live on Earth where they are similar looking thin men, older and younger, and they are believed to be uncle and nephew. The first Den disappears (to Neverwhere) and this time he does not return. In the note he leaves behind, he says that his Earth body is dying on Earth of a terminal disease, and that escaping to Neverwhere permanently was his only chance for survival. Once there, 'He fought Gel. Saved the Queen (Neverwhere the Movie).

Made love to her. And was killed. By treachery.' According to Denz, he 'ultimately died by the hand of the woman he loved (it is hinted it was Kil).' Seven years pass until the beginning of Den 1. • Den 1: Neverwhere (1978).

The second Den appears in Neverwhere without any previous memories of his childhood there. He believes his uncle, the first Den, left him directions on how to recreate the machine that opens the portal to this world. There he meets the Red Queen; Kath (brought to Neverwhere to be sacrificed to Uhluhtc, like Merya in the prequel), whom he rescues and with whom he falls in love; and Gel, whom he eventually kills.

He also receives a visit from the first Den, who materializes and then disappears. At the end of the story, the second Den saves Zeg (called Zek in the comic) from certain death at the hands of the Red Queen, although Den is himself captured.

Den is ultimately rescued by Kath. During his rescue, Den fatefully chooses to save the Red Queen from falling to her death. Four years will pass until the return of the Red Queen in Den 2.

A with the case opened. Such turbines produce most of the electricity used today. Electricity consumption and living standards are highly correlated. Electrification is believed to be the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century. Technology ('science of craft', from τέχνη, techne, 'art, skill, cunning of hand'; and -λογία, ) is the collection of,,, and used in the production of or or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as.

Technology can be the of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings. The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic. The discovery of and the later increased the available sources of food, and the invention of the helped humans to travel in and control their environment. Developments in historic times, including the, the, and the, have lessened physical barriers to and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. The steady progress of has brought of ever-increasing destructive power, from to. Technology has many effects. It has helped develop more advanced (including today's ) and has allowed the rise of a.

Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earth's. Innovations have always influenced the of a society and raised new questions of the. Examples include the rise of the notion of in terms of human, and the challenges of. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the or worsens it.,, and similar movements criticize the pervasiveness of technology, arguing that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as and view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the. The spread of paper and printing to the West, as in this, helped and communicate their ideas easily, leading to the; an example of technology as cultural force. The use of the term 'technology' has changed significantly over the last 200 years.

Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, and it was used either to refer to the description or study of the or to allude to technical education, as in the (chartered in 1861). The term 'technology' rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the.

The term's meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with, translated ideas from the German concept of into 'technology.' In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which usually translates both terms as 'technology.' By the 1930s, 'technology' referred not only to the study of the but to the industrial arts themselves. In 1937, the American sociologist Read Bain wrote that 'technology includes all tools, machines, utensils, weapons, instruments, housing, clothing, communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them.'

Bain's definition remains common among scholars today, especially social scientists. Scientists and engineers usually prefer to define technology as, rather than as the things that people make and use.

More recently, scholars have borrowed from European philosophers of 'technique' to extend the meaning of technology to various forms of instrumental reason, as in 's work on ( techniques de soi). Dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. The offers a definition of the term: 'the use of science in industry, engineering, etc., to invent useful things or to solve problems' and 'a machine, piece of equipment, method, etc., that is created by technology.' , in her 1989 'Real World of Technology' lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it is 'practice, the way we do things around here.' The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to or just, rather than technology as a whole., in, defines technology in two ways: as 'the pursuit of life by means other than life,' and as 'organized inorganic matter.'

Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a or wooden, or more complex machines, such as a. Tools and machines need not be material; virtual technology, such as and, fall under this definition of technology.

Defines technology in a similarly broad way as 'a means to fulfill a human purpose.' The word 'technology' can also be used to refer to a collection of techniques. In this context, it is the current state of humanity's knowledge of how to combine resources to produce desired products, to solve problems, fulfill needs, or satisfy wants; it includes technical methods, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw materials.

When combined with another term, such as 'medical technology' or 'space technology,' it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools. ' technology' refers to the available to humanity in any field. The invention of integrated circuits and the (here, an chip from 1971) led to the modern. Technology can be viewed as an activity that forms or changes culture. Additionally, technology is the application of math, science, and the arts for the benefit of life as it is known. A modern example is the rise of technology, which has lessened barriers to human interaction and as a result has helped spawn new subcultures; the rise of has at its basis the development of the and the.

Not all technology enhances culture in a creative way; technology can also help facilitate and war via tools such as guns. As a cultural activity, technology predates both and, each of which formalize some aspects of technological endeavor. Conducting an experiment with combustion generated by amplified sun light The distinction between science, engineering, and technology is not always clear.

Is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation. Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as,, and. [ ] Engineering is the process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science.

The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering,,, and knowledge, to achieve some practical result. Carry Catcher Software. Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering, although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of in by using already-existing tools and knowledge.

This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines such as,, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference. The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science. In the immediate wake of, for example, it was widely considered in the United States that technology was simply 'applied science' and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time. An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in 's treatise on postwar science policy, Science – The Endless Frontier: 'New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature.

This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research.' In the late-1960s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). The issue remains contentious, though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research. Main article: The discovery and utilization of, a simple source with many profound uses, was a turning point in the technological evolution of humankind. The exact date of its discovery is not known; evidence of burnt animal bones at the suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1 Ma; scholarly consensus indicates that had controlled fire by between 500 and 400 ka. Fire, fueled with and, allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibility, improving its nutrient value and broadening the number of foods that could be eaten.

Clothing and shelter Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era were and shelter; the adoption of both technologies cannot be dated exactly, but they were a key to humanity's progress. As the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more sophisticated and more elaborate; as early as 380 ka, humans were constructing temporary wood huts. Clothing, adapted from the fur and hides of hunted animals, helped humanity expand into colder regions; humans began to out of Africa by 200 ka and into other continents such as. Neolithic through classical antiquity (10 ka – 300 CE). An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools Human's technological ascent began in earnest in what is known as the Period ('New Stone Age').

The invention of polished was a major advance that allowed on a large scale to create farms. This use of polished stone axes increased greatly in the Neolithic, but were originally used in the preceding in some areas such as. Fed larger populations, and the transition to allowed simultaneously raising more children, as infants no longer needed to be carried, as ones must. Additionally, children could contribute labor to the raising of crops more readily than they could to the economy. With this increase in population and availability of labor came an increase in. What triggered the progression from early Neolithic villages to the first cities, such as, and the first civilizations, such as, is not specifically known; however, the emergence of increasingly social structures and specialized labor, of trade and war amongst adjacent cultures, and the need for collective action to overcome environmental challenges such as, are all thought to have played a role.

Metal tools Continuing improvements led to the and and provided, for the first time, the ability to and of,,, and – native metals found in relatively pure form in nature. The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone, and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans, and native copper was probably used from near the beginning of times (about 10 ka). Native copper does not naturally occur in large amounts, but copper ores are quite common and some of them produce metal easily when burned in wood or charcoal fires. Eventually, the working of metals led to the discovery of such as and (about 4000 BCE).

The first uses of iron alloys such as dates to around 1800 BCE. Energy and transport. Main article: Meanwhile, humans were learning to harness other forms of energy. The earliest known use of wind power is the; the earliest record of a ship under sail is that of a Nile boat dating to the 8th millennium BCE. From prehistoric times, Egyptians probably used the power of the annual to irrigate their lands, gradually learning to regulate much of it through purposely built irrigation channels and 'catch' basins.

The ancient in used a complex system of canals and levees to divert water from the and rivers for irrigation. According to archaeologists, the was invented around 4000 BCE probably independently and nearly simultaneously in Mesopotamia (in present-day ), the Northern Caucasus () and Central Europe. Estimates on when this may have occurred range from 5500 to 3000 BCE with most experts putting it closer to 4000 BCE. The oldest artifacts with drawings depicting wheeled carts date from about 3500 BCE; however, the wheel may have been in use for millennia before these drawings were made.

More recently, the oldest-known wooden wheel in the world was found in the Ljubljana marshes of Slovenia. The invention of the wheel revolutionized trade and war. It did not take long to discover that wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads. The ancient Sumerians used the and may have invented it. A stone pottery wheel found in the city-state of dates to around 3429 BCE, and even older fragments of wheel-thrown pottery have been found in the same area. Fast (rotary) potters' wheels enabled early of pottery, but it was the use of the wheel as a transformer of energy (through, windmills, and even treadmills) that revolutionized the application of nonhuman power sources. The first two-wheeled carts were derived from and were first used in Mesopotamia and in around 3000 BCE.

The oldest known constructed roadways are the stone-paved streets of the city-state of Ur, dating to circa 4000 BCE and timber roads leading through the swamps of, dating to around the same time period. The first long-distance road, which came into use around 3500 BCE, spanned 1,500 miles from the to the, but was not paved and was only partially maintained. In around 2000 BCE, the on the Greek island of built a fifty-kilometer (thirty-mile) road leading from the palace of on the south side of the island, through the mountains, to the palace of on the north side of the island.

Unlike the earlier road, the Minoan road was completely paved. Photograph of the in France, one of the most famous Ancient Minoan private homes had.

A bathtub virtually identical to modern ones was unearthed at the Palace of Knossos. Several Minoan private homes also had, which could be flushed by pouring water down the drain. The ancient Romans had many public flush toilets, which emptied into an extensive. The primary sewer in Rome was the; construction began on it in the sixth century BCE and it is still in use today. The ancient Romans also had a complex system of, which were used to transport water across long distances. The first was built in 312 BCE.

The eleventh and final ancient Roman aqueduct was built in 226 CE. Put together, the Roman aqueducts extended over 450 kilometers, but less than seventy kilometers of this was above ground and supported by arches. Medieval and modern history (300 CE – present). Main articles:,,,,, and Innovations continued through the with innovations such as, the and in the first few hundred years after the fall of the. Saw the use of (such as the, the, and the ) being combined to form more complicated tools, such as the, and. The brought forth many of these innovations, including the (which facilitated the greater communication of knowledge), and technology became increasingly associated with, beginning a cycle of mutual advancement.

The advancements in technology in this era allowed a more steady supply of food, followed by the wider availability of consumer goods. The revolutionized personal transportation. Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of,,,, and, driven by the discovery of. Technology took another step in a with the harnessing of to create such innovations as the,, and countless others. Scientific advancement and the discovery of new concepts later allowed for and advancements in,,, and. The rise in technology has led to and broad whose inhabitants rely on to transport them and their food supply. Communication was also greatly improved with the invention of the,, and.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the and. And flying over during the in 1991. The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In, the discovery of has led to both and. Were also invented and later utilizing and. Subsequently led to the creation of the, which ushered in the current.

Humans have also been able to with (later used for ) and in manned missions going all the way to the moon. In medicine, this era brought innovations such as and later along with new and treatments. Complex and techniques and organizations are needed to make and maintain these new technologies, and entire have arisen to support and develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools. Modern technology increasingly relies on training and education – their designers, builders, maintainers, and users often require sophisticated general and specific training.

Moreover, these technologies have become so complex that entire fields have been created to support them, including,, and, and other fields have been made more complex, such as, and. Philosophy Technicism Generally, technicism is the belief in the utility of technology for improving human societies. Taken to an extreme, technicism 'reflects a fundamental attitude which seeks to control reality, to resolve all problems with the use of scientific-technological methods and tools.' In other words, human beings will someday be able to master all problems and possibly even control the future using technology. Some, such as, connect these ideas to the abdication of religion as a higher.

See also: Optimistic assumptions are made by proponents of ideologies such as and, which view as generally having beneficial effects for the society and the human condition. In these ideologies, technological development is morally good. Transhumanists generally believe that the point of technology is to overcome barriers, and that what we commonly refer to as the is just another barrier to be surpassed. Singularitarians believe in some sort of '; that the rate of technological progress accelerates as we obtain more technology, and that this will culminate in a ' after is invented in which progress is nearly infinite; hence the term. Estimates for the date of this Singularity vary, but prominent futurist estimates the Singularity will occur in 2045. Kurzweil is also known for his history of the universe in six epochs: (1) the physical/chemical epoch, (2) the life epoch, (3) the human/brain epoch, (4) the technology epoch, (5) the artificial intelligence epoch, and (6) the universal colonization epoch.

Going from one epoch to the next is a Singularity in its own right, and a period of speeding up precedes it. Each epoch takes a shorter time, which means the whole history of the universe is one giant Singularity event.

Some critics see these ideologies as examples of and and fear the notion of and which they support. Some have described as a techno-optimist. Skepticism and critics. Smashing a power loom in 1812 On the somewhat skeptical side are certain philosophers like and, who believe that technological societies are inherently flawed. They suggest that the inevitable result of such a society is to become evermore technological at the cost of freedom and psychological health. Many, such as the and prominent philosopher, hold serious, although not entirely, deterministic reservations about technology (see ' ).

According to Heidegger scholars and Charles Spinosa, 'Heidegger does not oppose technology. He hopes to reveal the essence of technology in a way that 'in no way confines us to a stultified compulsion to push on blindly with technology or, what comes to the same thing, to rebel helplessly against it.' Indeed, he promises that 'when we once open ourselves expressly to the essence of technology, we find ourselves unexpectedly taken into a freeing claim.' What this entails is a more complex relationship to technology than either techno-optimists or techno-pessimists tend to allow.' Some of the most poignant criticisms of technology are found in what are now considered to be dystopian literary classics such as 's, 's, and 's. In, Faust selling his soul to the devil in return for power over the physical world is also often interpreted as a metaphor for the adoption of industrial technology.

More recently, modern works of science fiction such as those by and and films such as and project highly ambivalent or cautionary attitudes toward technology's impact on human society and identity. The late cultural critic distinguished tool-using societies from technological societies and from what he called 'technopolies,' societies that are dominated by the ideology of technological and scientific progress to the exclusion or harm of other cultural practices, values and world-views.

Has written about technology's impact on practices of and democratic culture, suggesting that technology can be construed as (1) an object of political debate, (2) a means or medium of discussion, and (3) a setting for democratic deliberation and citizenship. As a setting for democratic culture, Barney suggests that technology tends to make questions, including the question of what a good life consists in, nearly impossible, because they already give an answer to the question: a good life is one that includes the use of more and more technology. Has also about the dangers of new technology, such as,,, and. He warns that these technologies introduce unprecedented new challenges to human beings, including the possibility of the permanent alteration of our biological nature. These concerns are shared by other philosophers, scientists and public intellectuals who have written about similar issues (e.g.,,, and ). Another prominent critic of technology is, who has published books such as On the Internet and What Computers Still Can't Do.

A more infamous anti-technological treatise is, written by the Unabomber and printed in several major newspapers (and later books) as part of an effort to end his bombing campaign of the techno-industrial infrastructure. Appropriate technology. See also: and The notion of was developed in the 20th century by thinkers such as and to describe situations where it was not desirable to use very new technologies or those that required access to some centralized or parts or skills imported from elsewhere.

The movement emerged in part due to this concern. Optimism and skepticism in the 21st century This section mainly focuses on American concerns even if it can reasonably be generalized to other Western countries. The inadequate quantity and quality of American jobs is one of the most fundamental economic challenges we face. [.] What's the linkage between technology and this fundamental problem?

— Bernstein, Jared, 'It’s Not a Skills Gap That’s Holding Wages Down: It’s the Weak Economy, Among Other Things,' in, October 2014 In his article,, a Senior Fellow at the, questions the widespread idea that, and more broadly, technological advances, have mainly contributed to this growing problem. His thesis appears to be a third way between optimism and skepticism. Essentially, he stands for a neutral approach of the linkage between technology and American issues concerning and declining wages.

He uses two main arguments to defend his point. First, because of recent technological advances, an increasing number of workers are losing their jobs.

Yet, scientific evidence fails to clearly demonstrate that technology has displaced so many workers that it has created more problems than it has solved. Indeed, threatens repetitive jobs but higher-end jobs are still necessary because they complement technology and manual jobs that 'requires flexibility judgment and common sense' remain hard to replace with. Second, studies have not shown clear links between recent technology advances and the wage trends of the last decades. Therefore, according to Bernstein, instead of focusing on technology and its hypothetical influences on current American increasing unemployment and declining wages, one needs to worry more about 'bad policy that fails to offset the imbalances in demand, trade, income and opportunity.' For people who use both the Internet and mobile devices in excessive quantities it is likely for them to experience and over exhaustion as a result of disruptions in their sleeping patterns. Continuous studies have shown that increased and weight gain are associated with people who spend long hours online and not exercising frequently.

Heavy Internet use is also displayed in the school lower grades of those who use it in excessive amounts. It has also been noted that the use of mobile phones whilst driving has increased the occurrence of road accidents — particularly amongst teen drivers. Statistically, teens reportedly have fourfold the amount of road traffic incidents as those who are 20 years or older, and a very high percentage of adolescents write (81%) and read (92%) texts while driving. In this context, mass media and technology have a negative impact on people, on both their mental and physical health. Complex technological systems stated that because technology has been considered as a key way to solve problems, we need to be aware of its complex and varied characters to use it more efficiently. What is the difference between a or a and cooking machines such as an or a? Can we consider all of them, only a part of them, or none of them as technologies?

Technology is often considered too narrowly; according to Hughes, 'Technology is a creative process involving human ingenuity'. This definition's emphasis on creativity avoids unbounded definitions that may mistakenly include cooking “technologies,' but it also highlights the prominent role of humans and therefore their responsibilities for the use of complex technological systems. Yet, because technology is everywhere and has dramatically changed landscapes and societies, Hughes argues that,, and have often believed that they can use technology to shape the world as they want.

They have often supposed that technology is easily controllable and this assumption has to be thoroughly questioned. For instance, particularly challenges two concepts: “Internet-centrism” and “solutionism.' Internet-centrism refers to the idea that our society is convinced that the Internet is one of the most stable and coherent forces. Solutionism is the ideology that every social issue can be solved thanks to technology and especially thanks to the internet. In fact, technology intrinsically contains uncertainties and limitations.

According to 's review of Morozov's theory, to ignore it will lead to “unexpected consequences that could eventually cause more damage than the problems they seek to address.' Cohen and Gwen Ottinger also discussed the multivalent effects of technology. Therefore, recognition of the limitations of technology, and more broadly, scientific knowledge, is needed – especially in cases dealing with and health issues. Ottinger continues this reasoning and argues that the ongoing recognition of the limitations of scientific knowledge goes hand in hand with scientists and engineers’ new comprehension of their role. Such an approach of technology and science '[require] technical professionals to conceive of their roles in the process differently.

[They have to consider themselves as] collaborators in research and problem solving rather than simply providers of information and technical solutions.' Competitiveness Technology is properly defined as any application of science to accomplish a function.

The science can be leading edge or well established and the function can have high visibility or be significantly more mundane, but it is all technology, and its exploitation is the foundation of all competitive advantage. Technology-based planning is what was used to build the US industrial giants before WWII (e.g.,,, ) and it is what was used to transform the US into a. It was not economic-based planning. Other animal species.

This adult uses a branch as a to gauge the water's depth, an example of technology usage by non-human primates. The use of basic technology is also a feature of other animal species apart from humans. These include primates such as, some communities, and. Considering a more generic perspective of technology as ethology of active environmental conditioning and control, we can also refer to animal examples such as beavers and their dams, or bees and their honeycombs. The ability to make and use tools was once considered a defining characteristic of the genus. However, the discovery of tool construction among chimpanzees and related primates has discarded the notion of the use of technology as unique to humans.

For example, researchers have observed wild chimpanzees utilising tools for foraging: some of the tools used include leaf sponges, termite fishing probes, and. Also use stone hammers and anvils for cracking nuts, as do of, Brazil. Future technology.

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New York,, 14 October 2010, hardcover, 416 pages. Technics and Civilization. University of Chicago Press,. Visions of Technology: A Century of Vital Debate about Machines, Systems, and the Human World. Simon & Schuster,. • Teich, A.H.

Technology and the Future. Wadsworth Publishing, 11th edition,. • Wright, R.T. Goodheart-Wilcox Company, 5th edition,.